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## Answers for Quiz on Chapter 2

This page contains sample answers to the quiz on Chapter 2 of Introduction to Programming Using Java. Note that generally, there are lots of correct answers to a given question.

Question 1:

Briefly explain what is meant by the syntax and the semantics of a programming language. Give an example to illustrate the difference between a syntax error and a semantics error.

Answer:

The syntax of a language is its grammar, and the semantics is its meaning. A program with a syntax error cannot be compiled. A program with a semantic error can be compiled and run, but gives an incorrect result. A missing semicolon in a program is an example of a syntax error, because the compiler will find the error and report it. If N is an integer variable, then the statement "frac = 1/N;" is probably an error of semantics. The value of 1/N will be 0 for any N greater than 1. It's likely that the programmer meant to say 1.0/N.

Question 2:

What does the computer do when it executes a variable declaration statement. Give an example.

Answer:

A variable is a "box", or location, in the computer's memory that has a name. The box holds a value of some specified type. A variable declaration statement is a statement such as

    int x;

which creates the variable x. When the computer executes a variable declaration, it creates the box in memory and associates a name (in this case, x) with that box. Later in the program, that variable can be referred to by name.

Question 3:

What is a type, as this term relates to programming?

Answer:

A "type" represents a set of possible values. When you specify that a variable has a certain type, you are saying what values it can hold. When you say that an expression is of a certain type, you are saying what values the expression can have. For example, to say that a variable is of type int says that integer values in a certain range can be stored in that variable.

Question 4:

One of the primitive types in Java is boolean. What is the boolean type? Where are boolean values used? What are its possible values?

Answer:

The only values of type boolean are true and false. Expressions of type boolean are used in places where true/false values are expected, such as the conditions in while loops and if statements.

Question 5:

Give the meaning of each of the following Java operators:

    a)    ++

    b)    &&

    c)    !=

Answer:

The operator ++ is used to add 1 to the value of a variable. For example, "count++" has the same effect as "count = count + 1".

The operator && represents the word and. It can be used to combine two boolean values, as in "(x > 0 && y > 0)", which means, "x is greater than 0 and y is greater than 0."

The operation != means "is not equal to", as in "if (x != 0)", meaning "if x is not equal to zero.".

Question 6:

Explain what is meant by an assignment statement, and give an example. What are assignment statements used for?

Answer:

An assignment statement computes a value and stores that value in a variable. Examples include:

    x = 17;          // Assign a constant value to the variable, x.
    newRow = row;    // Copy the value from the variable, row,
                     //             into the variable, newRow.
    ans = 17*x + 42; // Compute the value of the expression
                     //     17*x + 42, and store that value in ans.

An assignment statement is used to change the value of a variable as the program is running. Since the value assigned to the variable can be another variable or an expression, assignments statements can be used to copy data from one place to another in the computer, and to do complex computations.

Question 7:

What is meant by precedence of operators?

Answer:

If two or more operators are used in an expression, and if there are no parentheses to indicate the order in which the operators are to be evaluated, then the computer needs some way of deciding which operator to evaluate first. The order is determined by the precedence of the operators. For example, * has higher precedence than +, so the expression 3+5*7 is evaluated as if it were written 3+(5*7).

Question 8:

What is a literal?

Answer:

A literal is a sequence of characters used in a program to represent a constant value. For example, 'A' is a literal that represents the value A, of type char, and 17L is a literal that represents the number 17 as a value of type long. A literal is a way of writing a value, and should not be confused with the value itself.

Question 9:

In Java, classes have two fundamentally different purposes. What are they?

Answer:

A class can be used to group together variables and subroutines that are contained in the class. These are called the static members of the class. For example, the subroutine Math.sqrt is a static member of the class called Math. Also, the main routine in any program is a static member of a class. The second possible purpose of a class is to describe and create objects. The class specifies what variables and subroutines are contained in those objects. In this role, classes are used in object-oriented programming (which we haven't studied yet in any detail.)

Question 10:

What is the difference between the statement "x = TextIO.getDouble();" and the statement "x = TextIO.getlnDouble();"

Answer:

Either statement will read a real number input by the user, and store that number in the variable, x. They would both read and return exactly the same value. The difference is that in the second statement (using getlnDouble), after reading the value the computer will continue reading characters from input up to and including the next carriage return. These extra characters are discarded.

Question 11:

Explain why the value of the expression 2 + 3 + "test" is the string "5test" while the value of the expression "test" + 2 + 3 is the string "test23". What is the value of "test" + 2 * 3 ?

Answer:

The reason is somewhat technical. The difference is due to the order of evaluation. When several + operators are used in a row, with no parentheses, they are evaluated from left to right. 2 + 3 + "test" is interpreted as (2 + 3) + "test", so 2 and 3 are added together, giving 5, and then the 5 is concatenated onto the string "test". On the other hand, "test" + 2 + 3 is interpreted as ("test" + 2) + 3, so the 2 is first concatenated onto the "test", giving "test2", and then the 3 is concatenated onto that. In the case of "test" + 2 * 3, the precedence rules for + and * come into play. Since * has higher precedence, this expression is interpreted as "test" + (2 * 3), which evaluates to "test6".

Question 12:

Integrated Development Environments such as Eclipse often use syntax coloring, which assigns various colors to the characters in a program to reflect the syntax of the language. A student notices that Eclipse colors the word String differently from int, double, and boolean. The student asks why String should be a different color, since all these words are names of types. What's the answer to the student's question?

Answer:

(This was a real question from a real student.)

Although String, like int, double, and boolean, is a type name, there is a fundamental difference between String and the other types. String is the name of a class, while int, double, and boolean are primitive types. Eclipse colors all class names in the same way that it does String, and it uses a different color for the primitive types. (Although the difference between classes and primitive types might not seem very important to you now, it really is an important distinction and it's reasonable for Eclipse to use different colors for the two concepts.)

Question 13:

What is the purpose of an import directive, such as import textio.TextIO or import java.util.Scanner?

Answer:

The classes TextIO and Scanner are defined inside "packages" named textio and java.util. This means that you can't simply use the names "TextIO" or "Scanner" in a program and expect the computer to know what those names mean. To use those names in a program, they must be imported from the relevant packages.

Question 14:

Write a complete program that asks the user to enter the number of "widgets" they want to buy and the cost per widget. The program should then output the total cost for all the widgets. Use System.out.printf to print the cost, with two digits after the decimal point. You do not need to include any comments in the program.

Answer:

The number of widgets can be a variable of type int, and the cost per widget and total coast can be variables of type double. Using TextIO, the program can be written:

    import textio.TextIO;
    public class CostOfWidgets {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            int numberOfWidgets;
            double costPerWidget;
            double totalCost;
            System.out.print("How many widgets do you want? ");
            numberOfWidgets = TextIO.getlnInt();
            System.out.print("How much does each widget cost? ");
            costPerWidget = TextIO.getlnDouble();
            totalCost = numberOfWidgets * costPerWidget;
            System.out.printf("The total cost is $%1.2f%n", totalCost);
        }
    }

Using Scanner, this would be:

    import java.util.Scanner;
    public class CostOfWidgets {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            int numberOfWidgets;
            double costPerWidget;
            double totalCost;
            Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
            System.out.print("How many widgets do you want? ");
            numberOfWidgets = in.nextInt();
            System.out.print("How much does each widget cost? ");
            costPerWidget = in.nextDouble();
            totalCost = numberOfWidgets * costPerWidget;
            System.out.printf("The total cost is $%1.2f%n", totalCost);
        }
    }

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