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## Programming Exercises for Chapter 5

This page contains several exercises for Chapter 5 in Introduction to Programming Using Java. For each exercise, a link to a possible solution is provided. Each solution includes a discussion of how a programmer might approach the problem and interesting points raised by the problem or its solution, as well as complete source code of the solution.

### Exercise 5.1:

In all versions of the PairOfDice class in Section 5.2, the instance variables die1 and die2 are declared to be public. They really should be private, so that they would be protected from being changed from outside the class. Write another version of the PairOfDice class in which the instance variables die1 and die2 are private. Your class will need "getter" methods that can be used to find out the values of die1 and die2. (The idea is to protect their values from being changed from outside the class, but still to allow the values to be read.) Include other improvements in the class, including at least a toString() method. Test your class with a short program that counts how many times a pair of dice is rolled, before the total of the two dice is equal to two.

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### Exercise 5.2:

A common programming task is computing statistics of a set of numbers. (A statistic is a number that summarizes some property of a set of data.) Common statistics include the mean (also known as the average) and the standard deviation (which tells how spread out the data are from the mean). I have written a little class called StatCalc that can be used to compute these statistics, as well as the sum of the items in the dataset and the number of items in the dataset. You can read the source code for this class in the file StatCalc.java. If calc is a variable of type StatCalc, then the following instance methods are available:

- calc.enter(item) where item is a number, adds the item to the dataset.
- calc.getCount() is a function that returns the number of items that have been added to the dataset.
- calc.getSum() is a function that returns the sum of all the items that have been added to the dataset.
- calc.getMean() is a function that returns the average of all the items.
- calc.getStandardDeviation() is a function that returns the standard deviation of the items.

Typically, all the data are added one after the other by calling the enter() method over and over, as the data become available. After all the data have been entered, any of the other methods can be called to get statistical information about the data. The methods getMean() and getStandardDeviation() should only be called if the number of items is greater than zero.

Modify the current source code, StatCalc.java, to add instance methods getMax() and getMin(). The getMax() method should return the largest of all the items that have been added to the dataset, and getMin() should return the smallest. You will need to add two new instance variables to keep track of the largest and smallest items that have been seen so far.

Test your new class by using it in a program to compute statistics for a set of non-zero numbers entered by the user. Start by creating an object of type StatCalc:

    StatCalc  calc;   // Object to be used to process the data.
    calc = new StatCalc();

Read numbers from the user and add them to the dataset. Use 0 as a sentinel value (that is, stop reading numbers when the user enters 0). After all the user's non-zero numbers have been entered, print out each of the six statistics that are available from calc.

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### Exercise 5.3:

This problem uses the PairOfDice class from Exercise 5.1 and the StatCalc class from Exercise 5.2.

The program in Exercise 4.4 performs the experiment of counting how many times a pair of dice is rolled before a given total comes up. It repeats this experiment 10000 times and then reports the average number of rolls. It does this whole process for each possible total (2, 3, ..., 12).

Redo that exercise. But instead of just reporting the average number of rolls, you should also report the standard deviation and the maximum number of rolls. Use a PairOfDice object to represent the dice. Use a StatCalc object to compute the statistics. (You'll need a new StatCalc object for each possible total, 2, 3, ..., 12. You can use a new pair of dice if you want, but it's not required.)

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### Exercise 5.4:

The BlackjackHand class from Subsection 5.5.1 is an extension of the Hand class from Section 5.4. The instance methods in the Hand class are discussed in that section. In addition to those methods, BlackjackHand includes an instance method, getBlackjackValue(), which returns the value of the hand for the game of Blackjack. For this exercise, you will also need the Deck and Card classes from Section 5.4.

A Blackjack hand typically contains from two to six cards. Write a program to test the BlackjackHand class. You should create a BlackjackHand object and a Deck object. Pick a random number between 2 and 6. Deal that many cards from the deck and add them to the hand. Print out all the cards in the hand, and then print out the value computed for the hand by getBlackjackValue(). Repeat this as long as the user wants to continue.

In addition to TextIO.java, your program will depend on Card.java, Deck.java, Hand.java, and BlackjackHand.java.

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### Exercise 5.5:

Write a program that lets the user play Blackjack. The game will be a simplified version of Blackjack as it is played in a casino. The computer will act as the dealer. As in the previous exercise, your program will need the classes defined in Card.java, Deck.java, Hand.java, and BlackjackHand.java. (This is the longest and most complex program that has come up so far in the exercises.)

You should first write a subroutine in which the user plays one game. The subroutine should return a boolean value to indicate whether the user wins the game or not. Return true if the user wins, false if the dealer wins. The program needs an object of class Deck and two objects of type BlackjackHand, one for the dealer and one for the user. The general object in Blackjack is to get a hand of cards whose value is as close to 21 as possible, without going over. The game goes like this.

- First, two cards are dealt into each player's hand. If the dealer's hand has a value of 21 at this point, then the dealer wins. Otherwise, if the user has 21, then the user wins. (This is called a "Blackjack".) Note that the dealer wins on a tie, so if both players have Blackjack, then the dealer wins.
- Now, if the game has not ended, the user gets a chance to add some cards to her hand. In this phase, the user sees her own cards and sees one of the dealer's two cards. (In a casino, the dealer deals himself one card face up and one card face down. All the user's cards are dealt face up.) The user makes a decision whether to "Hit", which means to add another card to her hand, or to "Stand", which means to stop taking cards.
- If the user Hits, there is a possibility that the user will go over 21. In that case, the game is over and the user loses. If not, then the process continues. The user gets to decide again whether to Hit or Stand.
- If the user Stands, the game will end, but first the dealer gets a chance to draw cards. The dealer only follows rules, without any choice. The rule is that as long as the value of the dealer's hand is less than or equal to 16, the dealer Hits (that is, takes another card). The user should see all the dealer's cards at this point. Now, the winner can be determined: If the dealer has gone over 21, the user wins. Otherwise, if the dealer's total is greater than or equal to the user's total, then the dealer wins. Otherwise, the user wins.

Two notes on programming: At any point in the subroutine, as soon as you know who the winner is, you can say "return true;" or "return false;" to end the subroutine and return to the main program. To avoid having an overabundance of variables in your subroutine, remember that a function call such as userHand.getBlackjackValue() can be used anywhere that a number could be used, including in an output statement or in the condition of an if statement.

Write a main program that lets the user play several games of Blackjack. To make things interesting, give the user 100 dollars, and let the user make bets on the game. If the user loses, subtract the bet from the user's money. If the user wins, add an amount equal to the bet to the user's money. End the program when the user wants to quit or when she runs out of money.

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### Exercise 5.6:

Exercise 4.8 asked you to write a program that administers a 10-question addition quiz. Rewrite that program so that it uses the following class to represent addition questions:

    public class AdditionQuestion {

        private int a, b;  // The numbers in the problem.

        public AdditionQuestion() { // constructor
            a = (int)(Math.random() * 50 + 1);
            b = (int)(Math.random() * 50);
        }

        public String getQuestion() {
            return "What is " + a + " + " + b + " ?";
        }

        public int getCorrectAnswer() {
            return a + b;
        }

    }

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### Exercise 5.7:

Rewrite the program from the previous exercise so that it administers a quiz with several different kinds of questions. In the previous exercise, you used a class to represent addition questions. For this exercise, you will use the following interface, or an equivalent abstract class, to represent the more general idea of a question that has an integer as its answer:

    public interface IntQuestion {
        public String getQuestion();
        public int getCorrectAnswer();
    }

You can make the AdditionQuestion class implement the interface simply by adding "implements IntQuestion" to its definition. Write a similar class to represent subtraction questions. When creating a subtraction problem, you should make sure that the answer is not negative.

For the new program, use an array of type IntQuestion[] to hold the quiz questions. Include some addition questions and some subtraction questions in the quiz. You can also add a couple non-math questions, including this one, created as an anonymous class:

    IntQuestion bigQuestion = new IntQuestion() {
        public String getQuestion() {
            return "What is the answer to the ultimate question " +
                     " of life, the universe, and everything?";
        }
        public int getCorrectAnswer() {
            return 42;
        }
    };

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