
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.layout.Pane;
import javafx.scene.canvas.Canvas;
import javafx.scene.canvas.GraphicsContext;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
import javafx.scene.control.Label;
import javafx.scene.paint.Color;
import javafx.scene.text.Font;
import javafx.scene.text.FontWeight;
import javafx.scene.input.MouseEvent;

import javafx.scene.control.Alert;
import javafx.stage.FileChooser;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Scanner;

import java.util.ArrayList;


/**
 * This panel lets two users play checkers against each other.
 * Red always starts the game.  If a player can jump an opponent's
 * piece, then the player must jump.  When a player can make no more
 * moves, the game ends.
 * 
 * The state of an ongoing game can be saves to a file at any point,
 * and the resulting file can be loaded back into the program to
 * restore the state of the game.  Load is only possible when no
 * game is in progress.  "Save Game" and "Load Game" buttons are
 * provided for saving and loading game state.
 */
public class CheckersWithFiles extends Application {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        launch(args);
    }
    
    //---------------------------------------------------------------------
    
    CheckersBoard board; // A canvas on which a checker board is drawn,
                         // defined by a static nested subclass.  Much of
                         // the game logic is defined in this class.


    private Button newGameButton;  // Button for starting a new game.
    
    private Button resignButton;   // Button that a player can use to end 
                                   // the game by resigning.
    
    private Button saveButton;     // For saving game state to a file.
    private Button loadButton;     // For loading a saved game.

    private Label message;  // Label for displaying messages to the user.
    
    private Stage window;  // The program window (used as parent for file dialog).

    /**
     * The constructor creates the Board (which in turn creates and manages
     * the buttons and message label), adds all the components, and sets
     * the bounds of the components.  A null layout is used.  (This is
     * the only thing that is done in the main Checkers class.)
     */
    public void start(Stage stage) {
        
        window = stage;

        /* Create the label that will show messages. */
        
        message = new Label("Click \"New Game\" to begin.");
        message.setTextFill( Color.rgb(100,255,100) ); // Light green.
        message.setFont( Font.font(null, FontWeight.BOLD, 18) );
        
        /* Create the buttons and the board.  The buttons MUST be
         * created first, since they are used in the CheckerBoard
         * constructor! */

        newGameButton = new Button("New Game");
        resignButton = new Button("Resign");
        saveButton = new Button("Save Game");
        loadButton = new Button("Load Game");

        board = new CheckersBoard(); // a subclass of Canvas, defined below
        board.drawBoard();  // draws the content of the checkerboard
        
        /* Set up ActionEvent handlers for the buttons and a MousePressed handler
         * for the board.  The handlers call instance methods in the board object. */

        newGameButton.setOnAction( e -> board.doNewGame() );
        resignButton.setOnAction( e -> board.doResign() );
        saveButton.setOnAction( e -> board.doSave() );
        loadButton.setOnAction( e -> board.doLoad() );
        board.setOnMousePressed( e -> board.mousePressed(e) );

        /* Set the location of each child by calling its relocate() method */

        board.relocate(20,20);
        newGameButton.relocate(370, 100);
        loadButton.relocate(370,150);
        saveButton.relocate(370,200);
        resignButton.relocate(370,250);
        message.relocate(20, 370);
        
        /* Set the sizes of the buttons.  For this to have an effect, make
         * the butons "unmanaged."  If they are managed, the Pane will set
         * their sizes. */
        
        resignButton.setManaged(false);
        resignButton.resize(100,30);
        loadButton.setManaged(false);
        loadButton.resize(100,30);
        saveButton.setManaged(false);
        saveButton.resize(100,30);
        newGameButton.setManaged(false);
        newGameButton.resize(100,30);
        
        /* Create the Pane and give it a preferred size.   If the
         * preferred size were not set, the unmanaged buttons would 
         * not be included in the Pane's computed preferred size. */
        
        Pane root = new Pane();
        
        root.setPrefWidth(500);
        root.setPrefHeight(420);
        
        /* Add the child nodes to the Pane and set up the rest of the GUI */

        root.getChildren().addAll(board, newGameButton, loadButton,
                                           saveButton, resignButton, message);
        root.setStyle("-fx-background-color: darkgreen; "
                           + "-fx-border-color: darkred; -fx-border-width:3");
        Scene scene = new Scene(root);
        stage.setScene(scene);
        stage.setResizable(false);
        stage.setTitle("Checkers!");
        stage.show();

    } // end start()



    // --------------------  Nested Classes -------------------------------
    
    
    /**
     * A CheckersMove object represents a move in the game of Checkers.
     * It holds the row and column of the piece that is to be moved
     * and the row and column of the square to which it is to be moved.
     * (This class makes no guarantee that the move is legal.)    
     */
    private static class CheckersMove {
        int fromRow, fromCol;  // Position of piece to be moved.
        int toRow, toCol;      // Square it is to move to.
        CheckersMove(int r1, int c1, int r2, int c2) {
                // Constructor.  Just set the values of the instance variables.
            fromRow = r1;
            fromCol = c1;
            toRow = r2;
            toCol = c2;
        }
        boolean isJump() {
                // Test whether this move is a jump.  It is assumed that
                // the move is legal.  In a jump, the piece moves two
                // rows.  (In a regular move, it only moves one row.)
            return (fromRow - toRow == 2 || fromRow - toRow == -2);
        }
    }  // end class CheckersMove.



    /**
     * This canvas displays a 320-by-320 checkerboard pattern with
     * a 2-pixel dark red border.  The canvas will be exactly
     * 324-by-324 pixels. This class contains methods that are
     * called in response to a mouse click on the canvas and
     * in response to clicks on the New Game and Resign buttons.
     * Note that the "New Game" and "Resign" buttons must be 
     * created before the Board constructor is called, since
     * the constructor references the buttons (in the call to doNewGame()).
     */
    private class CheckersBoard extends Canvas {

        CheckersData board; // The data for the checkers board is kept here.
                            //    This board is also responsible for generating
                            //    lists of legal moves.

        boolean gameInProgress; // Is a game currently in progress?

        /* The next three variables are valid only when the game is in progress. */

        int currentPlayer;      // Whose turn is it now?  The possible values
                                //    are CheckersData.RED and CheckersData.BLACK.

        int selectedRow, selectedCol;   // If the current player has selected a piece to
                                        //     move, these give the row and column
                                        //     containing that piece.  If no piece is
                                        //     yet selected, then selectedRow is -1.

        CheckersMove[] legalMoves;  // An array containing the legal moves for the
                                    //   current player.

        /**
         * Constructor.  Creates a CheckersData to represent the
         * contents of the checkerboard, and calls doNewGame to 
         * start the first game.
         */
        CheckersBoard() {
            super(324,324);  // canvas is 324-by-324 pixels
            board = new CheckersData();
            doNewGame();
        }
        
        /**
         * Save the current state of the game to a user-selected file.
         */
        void doSave() {
            FileChooser fileDialog = new FileChooser();
            fileDialog.setInitialFileName("checkers.txt");
            fileDialog.setInitialDirectory(new File(System.getProperty("user.home")));
            fileDialog.setTitle("Select file where game should be saved");
            File selectedFile = fileDialog.showSaveDialog(window);
            if (selectedFile == null)
                return;  // user canceled
            PrintWriter out; 
            try {
                FileWriter stream = new FileWriter(selectedFile); 
                out = new PrintWriter( stream );
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
                Alert errorAlert = new Alert(Alert.AlertType.ERROR,
                        "Sorry, but an error occurred while\n" + 
                                "trying to open the file:\n" + e);
                errorAlert.showAndWait();
                return;
            }
            try {
                out.println("CheckersWithFiles"); // Identifies file as a Checkers game.
                for (int row = 0; row < 8; row++) {
                    for (int col = 0; col < 8; col++) {
                        int piece = board.pieceAt(row, col);
                        switch (piece) {
                        case CheckersData.EMPTY:      out.print(". ");  break;
                        case CheckersData.RED:        out.print("r ");  break;
                        case CheckersData.BLACK:      out.print("b ");  break;
                        case CheckersData.RED_KING:   out.print("R ");  break;
                        case CheckersData.BLACK_KING: out.print("B ");  break;
                        }
                    }
                    out.println();
                }
                out.println(currentPlayer == CheckersData.RED ? "Red" : "Black");
                out.flush();
                out.close();
                if (out.checkError())
                    throw new IOException("Some error occurred while saving the file.");
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
                Alert errorAlert = new Alert(Alert.AlertType.ERROR,
                        "Sorry, but an error occurred while\n" + 
                                "trying to write data to the file:\n" + e);
                errorAlert.showAndWait();
            }   
        }
        
        /**
         * Load a saved game from a file.
         */
        void doLoad() {
            FileChooser fileDialog = new FileChooser();
            fileDialog.setInitialDirectory(new File(System.getProperty("user.home")));
            fileDialog.setTitle("Select file where game was saved");
            File selectedFile = fileDialog.showOpenDialog(window);
            if (selectedFile == null)
                return; // user canceled.
            Scanner in;
            try {
                in = new Scanner(selectedFile);
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
                Alert errorAlert = new Alert(Alert.AlertType.ERROR,
                        "Sorry, but an error occurred while\n" + 
                                "trying to open the file:\n" + e);
                errorAlert.showAndWait();
                return;
            }
            if (selectedFile == null)
                return;  // user canceled
            try {
                CheckersData newBoard = new CheckersData();
                int newCurrentPlayer;
                String programNameFromFile = in.nextLine();
                if (! programNameFromFile.equals("CheckersWithFiles"))
                    throw new Exception("Selected file does not contain a checkers game.");
                for (int row = 0; row < 8; row++) {
                    for (int col = 0; col < 8; col++) {
                        String pieceCode = in.next();
                        switch (pieceCode) {
                        case ".": newBoard.setPieceAt(row, col, CheckersData.EMPTY); break;
                        case "r": newBoard.setPieceAt(row, col, CheckersData.RED); break;
                        case "b": newBoard.setPieceAt(row, col, CheckersData.BLACK); break;
                        case "R": newBoard.setPieceAt(row, col, CheckersData.RED_KING); break;
                        case "B": newBoard.setPieceAt(row, col, CheckersData.BLACK_KING); break;
                        default: throw new Exception("Illegal board data found in file.");
                        }
                        if (row % 2 != col % 2 &&
                                newBoard.pieceAt(row, col) != CheckersData.EMPTY)
                            throw new Exception("Illegal board data found in file.");
                    }
                    in.nextLine();  // Discard rest of line -- not really necessary.
                }
                String currentPlayerString = in.next();
                in.close(); // Done reading data from the file.
                if (currentPlayerString.equals("Red"))
                    newCurrentPlayer = CheckersData.RED;
                else if (currentPlayerString.equals("Black"))
                    newCurrentPlayer = CheckersData.BLACK;
                else
                    throw new Exception("Illegal current player found in file.");
                board = newBoard;  // Set up game with data read from file.
                currentPlayer = newCurrentPlayer;
                legalMoves = board.getLegalMoves(currentPlayer);
                selectedRow = -1;
                gameInProgress = true;
                newGameButton.setDisable(true);
                loadButton.setDisable(true);
                saveButton.setDisable(false);
                resignButton.setDisable(false);
                if (currentPlayer == CheckersData.RED)
                    message.setText("Game loaded -- it's RED's move.");
                else
                    message.setText("Game loaded -- it's BLACK's move.");
                drawBoard();
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
                Alert errorAlert = new Alert(Alert.AlertType.ERROR,
                        "Sorry, but an error occurred while\n" + 
                                "trying to read the data:\n" + e);
                errorAlert.showAndWait();
            }   
        }

        /**
         * Start a new game.  This method is called when the Board is first
         * created and when the "New Game" button is clicked.  Event handling
         * is set up in the start() method in the main class.
         */
        void doNewGame() {
            if (gameInProgress == true) {
                    // This should not be possible, but it doesn't hurt to check.
                message.setText("Finish the current game first!");
                return;
            }
            board.setUpGame();   // Set up the pieces.
            currentPlayer = CheckersData.RED;   // RED moves first.
            legalMoves = board.getLegalMoves(CheckersData.RED);  // Get RED's legal moves.
            selectedRow = -1;   // RED has not yet selected a piece to move.
            message.setText("Red:  Make your move.");
            gameInProgress = true;
            newGameButton.setDisable(true);
            loadButton.setDisable(false);
            saveButton.setDisable(true);            
            resignButton.setDisable(false);
            drawBoard();
        }

        /**
         * Current player resigns.  Game ends.  Opponent wins.  This method is
         * called when the user clicks the "Resign" button.  Event handling is
         * set up in the start() method in the main class.
         */
        void doResign() {
            if (gameInProgress == false) {  // Should be impossible.
                message.setText("There is no game in progress!");
                return;
            }
            if (currentPlayer == CheckersData.RED)
                gameOver("RED resigns.  BLACK wins.");
            else
                gameOver("BLACK resigns.  RED wins.");
        }

        /**
         * The game ends.  The parameter, str, is displayed as a message
         * to the user.  The states of the buttons are adjusted so players
         * can start a new game.  This method is called when the game
         * ends at any point in this class.
         */
        void gameOver(String str) {
            message.setText(str);
            newGameButton.setDisable(false);
            loadButton.setDisable(false);
            saveButton.setDisable(true);            
            resignButton.setDisable(true);
            gameInProgress = false;
        }

        /**
         * This is called by mousePressed() when a player clicks on the
         * square in the specified row and col.  It has already been checked
         * that a game is, in fact, in progress.
         */
        void doClickSquare(int row, int col) {
            
            /* If the player clicked on one of the pieces that the player
             can move, mark this row and col as selected and return.  (This
             might change a previous selection.)  Reset the message, in
             case it was previously displaying an error message. */

            for (int i = 0; i < legalMoves.length; i++)
                if (legalMoves[i].fromRow == row && legalMoves[i].fromCol == col) {
                    selectedRow = row;
                    selectedCol = col;
                    if (currentPlayer == CheckersData.RED)
                        message.setText("RED:  Make your move.");
                    else
                        message.setText("BLACK:  Make your move.");
                    drawBoard();
                    return;
                }

            /* If no piece has been selected to be moved, the user must first
             select a piece.  Show an error message and return. */

            if (selectedRow < 0) {
                message.setText("Click the piece you want to move.");
                return;
            }

            /* If the user clicked on a square where the selected piece can be
             legally moved, then make the move and return. */

            for (int i = 0; i < legalMoves.length; i++)
                if (legalMoves[i].fromRow == selectedRow && legalMoves[i].fromCol == selectedCol
                && legalMoves[i].toRow == row && legalMoves[i].toCol == col) {
                    doMakeMove(legalMoves[i]);
                    return;
                }

            /* If we get to this point, there is a piece selected, and the square where
             the user just clicked is not one where that piece can be legally moved.
             Show an error message. */

            message.setText("Click the square you want to move to.");

        }  // end doClickSquare()

        /**
         * This is called when the current player has chosen the specified
         * move.  Make the move, and then either end or continue the game
         * appropriately.
         */
        void doMakeMove(CheckersMove move) {

            loadButton.setDisable(true);   // As soon as a move is made, disable Load. 
            saveButton.setDisable(false);  //     and enable the Save.

            board.makeMove(move);

            /* If the move was a jump, it's possible that the player has another
             jump.  Check for legal jumps starting from the square that the player
             just moved to.  If there are any, the player must jump.  The same
             player continues moving.
             */

            if (move.isJump()) {
                legalMoves = board.getLegalJumpsFrom(currentPlayer,move.toRow,move.toCol);
                if (legalMoves != null) {
                    if (currentPlayer == CheckersData.RED)
                        message.setText("RED:  You must continue jumping.");
                    else
                        message.setText("BLACK:  You must continue jumping.");
                    selectedRow = move.toRow;  // Since only one piece can be moved, select it.
                    selectedCol = move.toCol;
                    drawBoard();
                    return;
                }
            }

            /* The current player's turn is ended, so change to the other player.
             Get that player's legal moves.  If the player has no legal moves,
             then the game ends. */

            if (currentPlayer == CheckersData.RED) {
                currentPlayer = CheckersData.BLACK;
                legalMoves = board.getLegalMoves(currentPlayer);
                if (legalMoves == null)
                    gameOver("BLACK has no moves.  RED wins.");
                else if (legalMoves[0].isJump())
                    message.setText("BLACK:  Make your move.  You must jump.");
                else
                    message.setText("BLACK:  Make your move.");
            }
            else {
                currentPlayer = CheckersData.RED;
                legalMoves = board.getLegalMoves(currentPlayer);
                if (legalMoves == null)
                    gameOver("RED has no moves.  BLACK wins.");
                else if (legalMoves[0].isJump())
                    message.setText("RED:  Make your move.  You must jump.");
                else
                    message.setText("RED:  Make your move.");
            }

            /* Set selectedRow = -1 to record that the player has not yet selected
             a piece to move. */

            selectedRow = -1;

            /* As a courtesy to the user, if all legal moves use the same piece, then
             select that piece automatically so the user won't have to click on it
             to select it. */

            if (legalMoves != null) {
                boolean sameStartSquare = true;
                for (int i = 1; i < legalMoves.length; i++)
                    if (legalMoves[i].fromRow != legalMoves[0].fromRow
                    || legalMoves[i].fromCol != legalMoves[0].fromCol) {
                        sameStartSquare = false;
                        break;
                    }
                if (sameStartSquare) {
                    selectedRow = legalMoves[0].fromRow;
                    selectedCol = legalMoves[0].fromCol;
                }
            }

            /* Make sure the board is redrawn in its new state. */

            drawBoard();

        }  // end doMakeMove();

        /**
         * Draw a checkerboard pattern in gray and lightGray.  Draw the
         * checkers.  If a game is in progress, highlight the legal moves.
         */
        public void drawBoard() {
            
            /* Turn on antialiasing to get nicer ovals. */
            
            GraphicsContext g = getGraphicsContext2D();
            g.setFont( Font.font(18) );

            /* Draw a two-pixel black border around the edges of the canvas. */

            g.setStroke(Color.DARKRED);
            g.setLineWidth(2);
            g.strokeRect(1, 1, 322, 322);

            /* Draw the squares of the checkerboard and the checkers. */

            for (int row = 0; row < 8; row++) {
                for (int col = 0; col < 8; col++) {
                    if ( row % 2 == col % 2 )
                        g.setFill(Color.LIGHTGRAY);
                    else
                        g.setFill(Color.GRAY);
                    g.fillRect(2 + col*40, 2 + row*40, 40, 40);
                    switch (board.pieceAt(row,col)) {
                    case CheckersData.RED:
                        g.setFill(Color.RED);
                        g.fillOval(8 + col*40, 8 + row*40, 28, 28);
                        break;
                    case CheckersData.BLACK:
                        g.setFill(Color.BLACK);
                        g.fillOval(8 + col*40, 8 + row*40, 28, 28);
                        break;
                    case CheckersData.RED_KING:
                        g.setFill(Color.RED);
                        g.fillOval(8 + col*40, 8 + row*40, 28, 28);
                        g.setFill(Color.WHITE);
                        g.fillText("K", 15 + col*40, 29 + row*40);
                        break;
                    case CheckersData.BLACK_KING:
                        g.setFill(Color.BLACK);
                        g.fillOval(8 + col*40, 8 + row*40, 28, 28);
                        g.setFill(Color.WHITE);
                        g.fillText("K", 15 + col*40, 29 + row*40);
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }

            /* If a game is in progress, highlight the legal moves.   Note that legalMoves
             is never null while a game is in progress. */      

            if (gameInProgress) {
                /* First, draw a 4-pixel cyan border around the pieces that can be moved. */
                g.setStroke(Color.CYAN);
                g.setLineWidth(4);
                for (int i = 0; i < legalMoves.length; i++) {
                    g.strokeRect(4 + legalMoves[i].fromCol*40, 4 + legalMoves[i].fromRow*40, 36, 36);
                }
                /* If a piece is selected for moving (i.e. if selectedRow >= 0), then
                    draw a yellow border around that piece and draw green borders 
                    around each square that that piece can be moved to. */
                if (selectedRow >= 0) {
                    g.setStroke(Color.YELLOW);
                    g.setLineWidth(4);
                    g.strokeRect(4 + selectedCol*40, 4 + selectedRow*40, 36, 36);
                    g.setStroke(Color.LIME);
                    g.setLineWidth(4);
                    for (int i = 0; i < legalMoves.length; i++) {
                        if (legalMoves[i].fromCol == selectedCol && legalMoves[i].fromRow == selectedRow) {
                            g.strokeRect(4 + legalMoves[i].toCol*40, 4 + legalMoves[i].toRow*40, 36, 36);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

        }  // end drawBoard()

        /**
         * Respond to a user click on the board.  If no game is in progress, show 
         * an error message.  Otherwise, find the row and column that the user 
         * clicked and call doClickSquare() to handle it.
         */
        public void mousePressed(MouseEvent evt) {
            if (gameInProgress == false)
                message.setText("Click \"New Game\" to start a new game.");
            else {
                int col = (int)((evt.getX() - 2) / 40);
                int row = (int)((evt.getY() - 2) / 40);
                if (col >= 0 && col < 8 && row >= 0 && row < 8)
                    doClickSquare(row,col);
            }
        }


    }  // end class Board



    /**
     * An object of this class holds data about a game of checkers.
     * It knows what kind of piece is on each square of the checkerboard.
     * Note that RED moves "up" the board (i.e. row number decreases)
     * while BLACK moves "down" the board (i.e. row number increases).
     * Methods are provided to return lists of available legal moves.
     */
    private static class CheckersData {

        /*  The following constants represent the possible contents of a square
            on the board.  The constants RED and BLACK also represent players
            in the game. */

        static final int
                    EMPTY = 0,
                    RED = 1,
                    RED_KING = 2,
                    BLACK = 3,
                    BLACK_KING = 4;

        int[][] board;  // board[r][c] is the contents of row r, column c.  

        /**
         * Constructor.  Create the board and set it up for a new game.
         */
        CheckersData() {
            board = new int[8][8];
            setUpGame();
        }

        /**
         * Set up the board with checkers in position for the beginning
         * of a game.  Note that checkers can only be found in squares
         * that satisfy  row % 2 == col % 2.  At the start of the game,
         * all such squares in the first three rows contain black squares
         * and all such squares in the last three rows contain red squares.
         */
        void setUpGame() {
            for (int row = 0; row < 8; row++) {
                for (int col = 0; col < 8; col++) {
                    if ( row % 2 == col % 2 ) {
                        if (row < 3)
                            board[row][col] = BLACK;
                        else if (row > 4)
                            board[row][col] = RED;
                        else
                            board[row][col] = EMPTY;
                    }
                    else {
                        board[row][col] = EMPTY;
                    }
                }
            }
        }  // end setUpGame()

        /**
         * Return the contents of the square in the specified row and column.
         */
        int pieceAt(int row, int col) {
            return board[row][col];
        }
        
        /**
         * Set the contents of the square in the specified row and column.
         * piece must be one of the constants EMPTY, RED, BLACK, RED_KING,
         * BLACK_KING.
         */
        void setPieceAt(int row, int col, int piece) {
            board[row][col] = piece;
        }

        /**
         * Make the specified move.  It is assumed that move
         * is non-null and that the move it represents is legal.
         */
        void makeMove(CheckersMove move) {
            makeMove(move.fromRow, move.fromCol, move.toRow, move.toCol);
        }

        /**
         * Make the move from (fromRow,fromCol) to (toRow,toCol).  It is
         * assumed that this move is legal.  If the move is a jump, the
         * jumped piece is removed from the board.  If a piece moves to
         * the last row on the opponent's side of the board, the 
         * piece becomes a king.
         */
        void makeMove(int fromRow, int fromCol, int toRow, int toCol) {
            board[toRow][toCol] = board[fromRow][fromCol];
            board[fromRow][fromCol] = EMPTY;
            if (fromRow - toRow == 2 || fromRow - toRow == -2) {
                // The move is a jump.  Remove the jumped piece from the board.
                int jumpRow = (fromRow + toRow) / 2;  // Row of the jumped piece.
                int jumpCol = (fromCol + toCol) / 2;  // Column of the jumped piece.
                board[jumpRow][jumpCol] = EMPTY;
            }
            if (toRow == 0 && board[toRow][toCol] == RED)
                board[toRow][toCol] = RED_KING;
            if (toRow == 7 && board[toRow][toCol] == BLACK)
                board[toRow][toCol] = BLACK_KING;
        }

        /**
         * Return an array containing all the legal CheckersMoves
         * for the specified player on the current board.  If the player
         * has no legal moves, null is returned.  The value of player
         * should be one of the constants RED or BLACK; if not, null
         * is returned.  If the returned value is non-null, it consists
         * entirely of jump moves or entirely of regular moves, since
         * if the player can jump, only jumps are legal moves.
         */
        CheckersMove[] getLegalMoves(int player) {

            if (player != RED && player != BLACK)
                return null;

            int playerKing;  // The constant representing a King belonging to player.
            if (player == RED)
                playerKing = RED_KING;
            else
                playerKing = BLACK_KING;

            ArrayList<CheckersMove> moves = new ArrayList<CheckersMove>();  // Moves will be stored in this list.

            /*  First, check for any possible jumps.  Look at each square on the board.
             If that square contains one of the player's pieces, look at a possible
             jump in each of the four directions from that square.  If there is 
             a legal jump in that direction, put it in the moves ArrayList.
             */

            for (int row = 0; row < 8; row++) {
                for (int col = 0; col < 8; col++) {
                    if (board[row][col] == player || board[row][col] == playerKing) {
                        if (canJump(player, row, col, row+1, col+1, row+2, col+2))
                            moves.add(new CheckersMove(row, col, row+2, col+2));
                        if (canJump(player, row, col, row-1, col+1, row-2, col+2))
                            moves.add(new CheckersMove(row, col, row-2, col+2));
                        if (canJump(player, row, col, row+1, col-1, row+2, col-2))
                            moves.add(new CheckersMove(row, col, row+2, col-2));
                        if (canJump(player, row, col, row-1, col-1, row-2, col-2))
                            moves.add(new CheckersMove(row, col, row-2, col-2));
                    }
                }
            }

            /*  If any jump moves were found, then the user must jump, so we don't 
             add any regular moves.  However, if no jumps were found, check for
             any legal regular moves.  Look at each square on the board.
             If that square contains one of the player's pieces, look at a possible
             move in each of the four directions from that square.  If there is 
             a legal move in that direction, put it in the moves ArrayList.
             */

            if (moves.size() == 0) {
                for (int row = 0; row < 8; row++) {
                    for (int col = 0; col < 8; col++) {
                        if (board[row][col] == player || board[row][col] == playerKing) {
                            if (canMove(player,row,col,row+1,col+1))
                                moves.add(new CheckersMove(row,col,row+1,col+1));
                            if (canMove(player,row,col,row-1,col+1))
                                moves.add(new CheckersMove(row,col,row-1,col+1));
                            if (canMove(player,row,col,row+1,col-1))
                                moves.add(new CheckersMove(row,col,row+1,col-1));
                            if (canMove(player,row,col,row-1,col-1))
                                moves.add(new CheckersMove(row,col,row-1,col-1));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            /* If no legal moves have been found, return null.  Otherwise, create
             an array just big enough to hold all the legal moves, copy the
             legal moves from the ArrayList into the array, and return the array. */

            if (moves.size() == 0)
                return null;
            else {
                CheckersMove[] moveArray = new CheckersMove[moves.size()];
                for (int i = 0; i < moves.size(); i++)
                    moveArray[i] = moves.get(i);
                return moveArray;
            }

        }  // end getLegalMoves

        /**
         * Return a list of the legal jumps that the specified player can
         * make starting from the specified row and column.  If no such
         * jumps are possible, null is returned.  The logic is similar
         * to the logic of the getLegalMoves() method.
         */
        CheckersMove[] getLegalJumpsFrom(int player, int row, int col) {
            if (player != RED && player != BLACK)
                return null;
            int playerKing;  // The constant representing a King belonging to player.
            if (player == RED)
                playerKing = RED_KING;
            else
                playerKing = BLACK_KING;
            ArrayList<CheckersMove> moves = new ArrayList<CheckersMove>();  // The legal jumps will be stored in this list.
            if (board[row][col] == player || board[row][col] == playerKing) {
                if (canJump(player, row, col, row+1, col+1, row+2, col+2))
                    moves.add(new CheckersMove(row, col, row+2, col+2));
                if (canJump(player, row, col, row-1, col+1, row-2, col+2))
                    moves.add(new CheckersMove(row, col, row-2, col+2));
                if (canJump(player, row, col, row+1, col-1, row+2, col-2))
                    moves.add(new CheckersMove(row, col, row+2, col-2));
                if (canJump(player, row, col, row-1, col-1, row-2, col-2))
                    moves.add(new CheckersMove(row, col, row-2, col-2));
            }
            if (moves.size() == 0)
                return null;
            else {
                CheckersMove[] moveArray = new CheckersMove[moves.size()];
                for (int i = 0; i < moves.size(); i++)
                    moveArray[i] = moves.get(i);
                return moveArray;
            }
        }  // end getLegalMovesFrom()

        /**
         * This is called by the two previous methods to check whether the
         * player can legally jump from (r1,c1) to (r3,c3).  It is assumed
         * that the player has a piece at (r1,c1), that (r3,c3) is a position
         * that is 2 rows and 2 columns distant from (r1,c1) and that 
         * (r2,c2) is the square between (r1,c1) and (r3,c3).
         */
        private boolean canJump(int player, int r1, int c1, int r2, int c2, int r3, int c3) {

            if (r3 < 0 || r3 >= 8 || c3 < 0 || c3 >= 8)
                return false;  // (r3,c3) is off the board.

            if (board[r3][c3] != EMPTY)
                return false;  // (r3,c3) already contains a piece.

            if (player == RED) {
                if (board[r1][c1] == RED && r3 > r1)
                    return false;  // Regular red piece can only move up.
                if (board[r2][c2] != BLACK && board[r2][c2] != BLACK_KING)
                    return false;  // There is no black piece to jump.
                return true;  // The jump is legal.
            }
            else {
                if (board[r1][c1] == BLACK && r3 < r1)
                    return false;  // Regular black piece can only move downn.
                if (board[r2][c2] != RED && board[r2][c2] != RED_KING)
                    return false;  // There is no red piece to jump.
                return true;  // The jump is legal.
            }

        }  // end canJump()

        /**
         * This is called by the getLegalMoves() method to determine whether
         * the player can legally move from (r1,c1) to (r2,c2).  It is
         * assumed that (r1,r2) contains one of the player's pieces and
         * that (r2,c2) is a neighboring square.
         */
        private boolean canMove(int player, int r1, int c1, int r2, int c2) {

            if (r2 < 0 || r2 >= 8 || c2 < 0 || c2 >= 8)
                return false;  // (r2,c2) is off the board.

            if (board[r2][c2] != EMPTY)
                return false;  // (r2,c2) already contains a piece.

            if (player == RED) {
                if (board[r1][c1] == RED && r2 > r1)
                    return false;  // Regular red piece can only move down.
                return true;  // The move is legal.
            }
            else {
                if (board[r1][c1] == BLACK && r2 < r1)
                    return false;  // Regular black piece can only move up.
                return true;  // The move is legal.
            }

        }  // end canMove()

    } // end class CheckersData


} // end class Checkers

