% ================== Definition of \obeywhitespace, copied from eplain.tex ================
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\makeactive\^^M\def^^M{\par\futurelet\next\@finishobeyedreturn}%
\makeactive\ \let =\ %
\aftergroup\@removebox%
\futurelet\next\@finishobeywhitespace%
}%
\gdef\@finishobeywhitespace{{%
\ifx\next %
\aftergroup\@obeywhitespaceloop%
\else\ifx\next^^M%
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\fi\fi}}%
\gdef\@finishobeyedreturn{%
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\indent%
}%
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\newskip\blanklineskipamount
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\def\frac#1/#2{\leavevmode
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}%
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\def\ehrule{\hrule height\hruledefaultheight depth\hruledefaultdepth}%
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%================================================================================

\def\displaycode{\par\medbreak\begingroup\small\ttfamily\parindent=35pt\obeywhitespace}
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%\ifdim \dimen0>\pagegoal \vfil\goodbreak \fi \centerline{\box0}\bigbreak}

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% used only in the non-linked PDF.  The first page of the linked PDF is \pageonelinked.
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  \begin{titlepage}
    \vglue 1.5 in
    \centerline{\Huge{Introduction to Programming Using Java}}
    \vskip 0.4 in
    \centerline{\LARGE{Version 8.1.1, May 2020}}
    \vskip 0.1 in
    \centerline{(\textit{Minor update of Version 8.0, December 2018;}}
    \centerline{\textit{very minor update of Version 8.1, July 2019)}}
    \vskip 1.5 in
    \centerline{\LARGE{David J. Eck}}
    \vskip 0.2 in
    \centerline{\Large{Hobart and William Smith Colleges}}
    \vskip 1.5 in
    \centerline{This is a PDF version of a free, on-line book that is available}
    \centerline{at http://math.hws.edu/javanotes/.  The web site includes}
    \centerline{source code for all example programs, answers to quizzes,}
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    \newpage
    \vglue 4.8 in
 
    {\leftskip=0.9 in \rightskip=0.9 in plus 0.2 in minus 0.2 in
 
    \noindent\copyright 1996--2020, David J. Eck
    
    \bigskip
    
    \small{
    
    \noindent David J. Eck (eck@hws.edu)

    \noindent Department of Mathematics and Computer Science

    \noindent Hobart and William Smith Colleges

    \noindent Geneva, NY\quad 14456}
    
    \bigskip
    \medskip
    
    \noindent  This book can be distributed in unmodified form for non-commercial purposes.  
    Modified versions can be made and distributed for non-commercial purposes
    provided they are distributed under the same license as the
    original.  More specifically:
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License. 
    To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.
    Other uses require permission from the author.
    
    \bigskip
    
    \noindent The web site for this book is:\ \ \ http://math.hws.edu/javanotes
    
    }

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}

\newcommand{\pageonelinked}{
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    \centerline{\Huge{Introduction to Programming Using Java}}
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    \centerline{\LARGE{Version 8.1.1, May 2020}}
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    \centerline{(\textit{Minor update of Version 8.0, December 2018;}}
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    \centerline{\LARGE{David J. Eck}}
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    \centerline{\Large{Hobart and William Smith Colleges}}
   
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    \vglue 4.8 in
 
    {\leftskip=0.9 in \rightskip=0.9 in plus 0.2 in minus 0.2 in
 
    \noindent\copyright 1996--2020, David J. Eck
    
    \bigskip
    
    \small{
    
    \noindent David J. Eck (eck@hws.edu)

    \noindent Department of Mathematics and Computer Science

    \noindent Hobart and William Smith Colleges

    \noindent Geneva, NY\quad 14456}
    
    \bigskip
    \medskip
    
    \noindent This book can be distributed in unmodified form for non-commercial purposes.  
    Modified versions can be made and distributed for non-commercial purposes
    provided they are distributed under the same license as the
    original.  More specifically:
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License. 
    To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.
    Other uses require permission from the author.
    
    \bigskip
    
    \noindent The web site for this book is:\ \ \ http://math.hws.edu/javanotes
    
    }

  \end{titlepage}
}


\newcommand{\pageoneluluall}{
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    \centerline{\Huge{Introduction to Programming Using Java}}
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    \centerline{\LARGE{Version 8.1, July 2019}}
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    \centerline{(\textit{Minor update of Version 8.0, December 2018})}
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    \centerline{\LARGE{David J. Eck}}
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    \centerline{\Large{Hobart and William Smith Colleges}}
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    \centerline{This is a print version of a free on-line textbook that is}
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    {\leftskip=0.9 in \rightskip=0.9 in plus 0.2 in minus 0.2 in
 
    \noindent\copyright 1996--2019, David J. Eck
    
    \bigskip
    
    \small{
    
    \noindent David J. Eck (eck@hws.edu)

    \noindent Department of Mathematics and Computer Science

    \noindent Hobart and William Smith Colleges

    \noindent Geneva, NY\quad 14456}
    
    \bigskip
    \medskip
    
    \noindent  This book can be distributed in unmodified form for non-commercial purposes.  
    Modified versions can be made and distributed for non-commercial purposes
    provided they are distributed under the same license as the
    original.  More specifically:
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License. 
    To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.
    Other uses require permission from the author.
    
    \bigskip
    
    \noindent The web site for this book is:\ \ \ http://math.hws.edu/javanotes
    
    }

  \end{titlepage}
}

\newcommand{\pageoneluluone}{
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    \centerline{\Huge{Introduction to Programming Using Java}}
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    \centerline{\LARGE{Version 8.1, July 2019}}
    \vskip 0.1 in
    \centerline{(\textit{Minor update of Version 8.0, December 2018})}
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    \centerline{\Huge{Part 1}}
    \vskip 0.2 in
    \centerline{\Large{(\textit{Chapters 1 through 7 from the complete book.})}}
    \vskip 0.7 in
    \centerline{\LARGE{David J. Eck}}
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    \centerline{\Large{Hobart and William Smith Colleges}}
    \vskip 1.5 in
    \centerline{This is the first half of a free on-line textbook that is}
    \centerline{available at http://math.hws.edu/javanotes/.  The web site}
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    \vglue 4.8 in
 
    {\leftskip=0.9 in \rightskip=0.9 in plus 0.2 in minus 0.2 in
 
    \noindent\copyright 1996--2019, David J. Eck
    
    \bigskip
    
    \small{
    
    \noindent David J. Eck (eck@hws.edu)

    \noindent Department of Mathematics and Computer Science

    \noindent Hobart and William Smith Colleges

    \noindent Geneva, NY\quad 14456}
    
    \bigskip
    \medskip
    
    \noindent  This book can be distributed in unmodified form for non-commercial purposes.  
    Modified versions can be made and distributed for non-commercial purposes
    provided they are distributed under the same license as the
    original.  More specifically:
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License. 
    To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.
    Other uses require permission from the author.
    
    \bigskip
    
    \noindent The web site for this book is:\ \ \ http://math.hws.edu/javanotes
    
    }

  \end{titlepage}
}

\newcommand{\pageonelulutwo}{
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    \centerline{\Huge{Introduction to Programming Using Java}}
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    \centerline{\LARGE{Version 8.1, July 2019}}
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    \centerline{\Large{Hobart and William Smith Colleges}}
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    \vglue 4.8 in
 
    {\leftskip=0.9 in \rightskip=0.9 in plus 0.2 in minus 0.2 in
 
    \noindent\copyright 1996--2019, David J. Eck
    
    \bigskip
    
    \small{
    
    \noindent David J. Eck (eck@hws.edu)

    \noindent Department of Mathematics and Computer Science

    \noindent Hobart and William Smith Colleges

    \noindent Geneva, NY\quad 14456}
    
    \bigskip
    \medskip
    
    \noindent  This book can be distributed in unmodified form for non-commercial purposes.  
    Modified versions can be made and distributed for non-commercial purposes
    provided they are distributed under the same license as the
    original.  More specifically:
    This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License. 
    To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.
    Other uses require permission from the author.
    
    \bigskip
    
    \noindent The web site for this book is:\ \ \ http://math.hws.edu/javanotes
    
    }

  \end{titlepage}
}



