Solution for Programming Exercise 7.8
This page contains a sample solution to one of the exercises from Introduction to Programming Using Java.
Exercise 7.8:
The game of Go Moku (also known as Pente or Five Stones) is similar to Tic-Tac-Toe, except that it is played on a much larger board and the object is to get five squares in a row rather than three. Players take turns placing pieces on a board. A piece can be placed in any empty square. The first player to get five pieces in a row -- horizontally, vertically, or diagonally -- wins. If all squares are filled before either player wins, then the game is a draw. Write a program that lets two players play Go Moku against each other.
Your program will be simpler than the Checkers program from Subsection 7.5.3. Play alternates strictly between the two players, and there is no need to highlight the legal moves. You will only need two classes, a short panel class to set up the interface and a Board class to draw the board and do all the work of the game. Nevertheless, you will probably want to look at the source code for the checkers program, Checkers.java, for ideas about the general outline of the program.
The hardest part of the program is checking whether the move that a player makes is a winning move. To do this, you have to look in each of the four possible directions from the square where the user has placed a piece. You have to count how many pieces that player has in a row in that direction. If the number is five or more in any direction, then that player wins. As a hint, here is part of the code from my program. This code counts the number of pieces that the user has in a row in a specified direction. The direction is specified by two integers, dirX and dirY. The values of these variables are 0, 1, or -1, and at least one of them is non-zero. For example, to look in the horizontal direction, dirX is 1 and dirY is 0.
int ct = 1; // Number of pieces in a row belonging to the player.
int r, c; // A row and column to be examined
r = row + dirX; // Look at square in specified direction.
c = col + dirY;
while ( r >= 0 && r < 13 && c >= 0 && c < 13
&& board[r][c] == player ) {
// Square is on the board, and it
// contains one of the players' pieces.
ct++;
r += dirX; // Go on to next square in this direction.
c += dirY;
}
r = row - dirX; // Now, look in the opposite direction.
c = col - dirY;
while ( r >= 0 && r < 13 && c >= 0 && c < 13
&& board[r][c] == player ) {
ct++;
r -= dirX; // Go on to next square in this direction.
c -= dirY;
}
Here is a picture of my program, just after black has won the game.
This is a fairly complicated program, but it's possible to design and build it in stages, testing each stage separately. The first stage, the general layout of the panel, is already done in the Checkers.java program. With just a few changes, the main panel class, the layout of the panel, and the button and message handling come directly from that program. Let's take the rest of the Go Moku game one stage at a time.
A two-dimensional array is used to store the contents of the board. This array is of type int[][] and is named board. It is defined as an instance variable in the Board class, and it is initialized in the constructor of that class to be a 13-by-13 array. The value in each position of the array is one of three constants: EMPTY, WHITE, or BLACK. When a game begins, each of the entries in the array is set to empty. When a player clicks on an empty square, the corresponding entry in the array is changed from EMPTY to the player's color, BLACK or WHITE. In the paintComponent() method, the contents of the board array are used to decide what pieces to draw on the board.
Drawing the Board
We need a paintComponent() method for the Board class that can draw the board. The board has 13 rows and 13 columns of spaces. How wide should the board be? If each square in the board is x pixels wide, we need a total of 13*x pixels just for the spaces. But there are also lines between the spaces. These require another 12 pixels. And there is a 2-pixel border on each side, for another 4 pixels added to the width. So, with squares of side x, we need a board that is 13*x+16 pixels wide. Since I wanted something about the same size as the original checkerboard, I choose x to be 12, giving a board width of 172 pixels. The height is also 172. The dimension of the board is actually set in the constructor for the main class, which uses a null layout and so has to set the sizes of all the components that it contains by hand.
The left edge of the col-th column of squares in the board is 2+13*col. This allows for the two-pixel border on the left and for 13 pixels for each of the preceding columns of squares. (That's 12 pixels for the square plus one pixel for the line between that column and the next.) The lines between the columns are drawn one pixel to the left of each column, at x values 1 + 13*i, for i from 1 to 12. Rows work the same way. To draw a piece in row number row and column number col, the command
g.fillOval(3 + 13*col, 3 + 13*row, 10, 10);
can be used. This allows a one-pixel border between the oval that represents that piece and the side of the square. In my program, I defined a method to draw a piece:
private void drawPiece(Graphics g, int piece, int row, int col) {
if (piece == WHITE)
g.setColor(Color.WHITE);
else
g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
g.fillOval(3 + 13*col, 3 + 13*row, 10, 10);
}
The background of the canvas is gray, so the paintComponent() method only has to draw the black border around the board, the lines between the squares, and all the pieces on the board. Remember that the piece in a given row and column is recorded in the board array as board[row][col]. The board can be drawn by the following paintComponent() method:
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
super.paintComponent(g); // Fill with background color, lightGray.
/* Draw grid lines in dark gray. */
g.setColor(Color.DARK_GRAY);
for (int i = 1; i < 13; i++) {
g.drawLine(1 + 13*i, 0, 1 + 13*i, getSize().height);
g.drawLine(0, 1 + 13*i, getSize().width, 1 + 13*i);
}
/* Draw a two-pixel black border around the edges of the board. */
g.setColor(Color.BLACK;
g.drawRect(0,0,getSize().width-1,getSize().height-1);
g.drawRect(1,1,getSize().width-3,getSize().height-3);
/* Draw the pieces that are on the board. */
for (int row = 0; row < 13; row++)
for (int col = 0; col < 13; col++)
if (board[row][col] != EMPTY)
drawPiece(g, board[row][col], row, col);
} // end paintComponent()
Playing the Game
The logic of the GoMoku game itself is mostly in the method "void doClickSquare(int row, int col)", which is called by the mousePressed() method when the user clicks on the square in row number row and column number col. This method must check whether the move is legal. If so, the move is made. The method then checks whether the move wins the game. If so, the game ends. The game will also end if the board has become completely full. Otherwise, play passes to the other player.
The current player is recorded in an instance variable named currentPlayer. The value of this variable is one of the two constants WHITE or BLACK. The game can be ended by calling a method named gameOver(). I wrote a boolean-valued method called winner() to check whether a move wins the game. (When I first wrote this method, it did nothing but "return false". This let me try out the program at this stage of development, before I started working on the difficult problem of testing for a winner.) The doClickSquare() method can be written:
void doClickSquare(int row, int col) {
// This is called by mousePressed() when a player clicks
// on the square in the specified row and col. It has already
// been checked that a game is, in fact, in progress.
/* Check that the user clicked an empty square. If not, show an
error message and exit. */
if ( board[row][col] != EMPTY ) {
if (currentPlayer == BLACK)
message.setText("BLACK: Please click an empty square.");
else
message.setText("WHITE: Please click an empty square.");
return;
}
/* Make the move. Check if the board is full or if the move
is a winning move. If so, the game ends. If not, then it's
the other user's turn. */
board[row][col] = currentPlayer; // Make the move.
repaint();
if (winner(row,col)) { // First, check for a winner.
if (currentPlayer == WHITE)
gameOver("WHITE wins the game!");
else
gameOver("BLACK wins the game!");
return;
}
boolean emptySpace = false; // Check if the board is full.
for (int i = 0; i < 13; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < 13; j++)
if (board[i][j] == EMPTY)
emptySpace = true; // The board contains an empty space.
if (emptySpace == false) {
gameOver("The game ends in a draw.");
return;
}
/* Continue the game. It's the other player's turn. */
if (currentPlayer == BLACK) {
currentPlayer = WHITE;
message.setText("WHITE: Make your move.");
}
else {
currentPlayer = BLACK;
message.setText("BLACK: Make your move.");
}
} // end doClickSquare()
Determining the Winner
The winner() method is certainly the hardest part of the program. The method must look in each of the four possible directions from the square where the user has placed a piece. If the player has five or more pieces in a row in that direction, then the player has won. As indicated in the exercise, a direction can be indicated by two variables, dirX and dirY. The values of these variables for each of the four directions are:
dirX dirY Why?
---- ---- --------------------------------
horizontal direction 1 0 Only x changes.
vertical direction 0 1 Only y changes.
falling diagonal 1 1 Both x and y change.
rising diagonal 1 -1 Change in opposing directions.
I wrote a method "int count(int player, int row, int col, int dirX, int dirY) that counts the number of pieces the specified player has in a row, starting from the square in row number row and column number col and looking in the direction indicated by dirX and dirY. This method contains the code given in the exercise. It returns the number of pieces found. My winner method just calls this method for each of the four directions:
/**
* This is called just after a piece has been played on the
* square in the specified row and column. It determines
* whether that was a winning move by counting the number
* of squares in a line in each of the four possible
* directions from (row,col). If there are 5 squares (or more)
* in a row in any direction, then the game is won.
*/
private boolean winner(int row, int col) {
if (count( board[row][col], row, col, 1, 0 ) >= 5)
return true;
if (count( board[row][col], row, col, 0, 1 ) >= 5)
return true;
if (count( board[row][col], row, col, 1, -1 ) >= 5)
return true;
if (count( board[row][col], row, col, 1, 1 ) >= 5)
return true;
/* When we get to this point, we know that the game is not won. */
return false;
} // end winner()
When I first wrote this method, I checked whether the number of pieces was "== 5" instead of ">= 5". This was a bug. It's possible for a player to get more than 5 pieces in a row, if the player plays a piece in an empty square that joins two shorter rows of pieces together.
Marking the Winning Pieces
In my program, when a player wins, the row of pieces that wins the game is marked with a red line. To do this, I added four instance variables of type int to the Board class. The instance variables are named win_r1, win_c1, win_r2, and win_c2. If the game has not yet been won, then the value of win_r1 is -1. The paintComponent() method uses this value as a signal that it should not draw any red line. After a player has won the game, the values of these variables are set to mark the squares at the two ends of the winning row of pieces. The positions of these squares are given by (win_r1,win_c1) and (win_r2,win_c2). If win_r1 is greater than -1, then the paintComponent() method draws a red line between these two squares.
I added some code to the winner() and count() methods to set the values of these variables properly. As the count() method counts pieces in a row, it sets win_r1, win_c1, win_r2, and win_c2 to mark the location of the last piece it finds in the two directions it checks. If the game is won, this will set the values correctly. To handle the case where the game is not won, I added the line "win_r1 = -1;" to the winner() method, just before the "return false;" statement. This ensures that the value of this variable will be -1 whenever the game is not yet won. (Perhaps this is all too tricky, but I really wanted to mark the winning pieces...)
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
/**
* This panel lets two users play Go Moku (a.k.a Pente) against each
* other. Black always starts the game. When a player gets five-in-a-row,
* that player wins. The game ends in a draw if the board is filled
* before either player wins.
*
* The class has a main() routine that lets it be run as a stand-alone
* application. The application just opens a window that uses an object
* of type GoMoku as its content pane.
*
*/
public class GoMoku extends JPanel {
/**
* Main routine makes it possible to run GoMoku as a stand-alone
* application. Opens a window showing a GoMoku panel; the program
* ends when the user closes the window.
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame window = new JFrame("GoMoku");
GoMoku content = new GoMoku();
window.setContentPane(content);
window.pack();
Dimension screensize = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize();
window.setLocation( (screensize.width - window.getWidth())/2,
(screensize.height - window.getHeight())/2 );
window.setDefaultCloseOperation( JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE );
window.setResizable(false);
window.setVisible(true);
}
private JButton newGameButton; // Button for starting a new game.
private JButton resignButton; // Button that a player can use to end the
// game by resigning.
private JLabel message; // Label for displaying messages to the user.
/**
* The constructor lays out the panel. The work of
* the game is all done in the Board object. A null layout
* is used, and all setup of sizes and positions is done here.
*/
public GoMoku() {
setLayout(null); // I will do the layout myself.
setPreferredSize( new Dimension(350,250) );
setBackground(new Color(0,150,0)); // Dark green background.
/* Create the components and add them to the panel. */
Board board = new Board(); // Note: The constructor for the
// board also creates the buttons
// and label.
add(board);
add(newGameButton);
add(resignButton);
add(message);
/* Set the position and size of each component by calling
its setBounds() method. */
board.setBounds(16,16,172,172); // Note: size MUST be 172-by-172 !
newGameButton.setBounds(210, 60, 120, 30);
resignButton.setBounds(210, 120, 120, 30);
message.setBounds(0, 200, 350, 30);
}
// ----------------------- Nested class -----------------------------------
/**
* This panel displays a 168-by-168 pixel checkerboard pattern with
* a 2-pixel black border. It is assumed that the size of the
* canvas is set to exactly 172-by-172 pixels. This class does
* the work of letting the users play Go Moku, and it displays
* the checkerboard. In this program, the board has 13 rows and
* columns of squares.
*/
class Board extends JPanel implements ActionListener, MouseListener {
int[][] board; // The data for the board is kept here. The values
// in this array are chosen from the following constants.
static final int EMPTY = 0, // Represents an empty square.
WHITE = 1, // A white piece.
BLACK = 2; // A black piece.
boolean gameInProgress; // Is a game currently in progress?
int currentPlayer; // Whose turn is it now? The possible values
// are WHITE and BLACK. (This is valid only while
// a game is in progress.)
int win_r1, win_c1, win_r2, win_c2; // When a player wins by getting five or more
// pieces in a row, the squares at the
// ends of the row are (win_r1,win_c1)
// and (win_r2,win_c2). A red line is
// drawn between these squares. When there
// are not five pieces in a row, the value of
// win_r1 is -1. The values are set in the
// count() method. The value of win_r1 is
// tested in the paintComponent() method.
/**
* Constructor. Create the buttons and label. Listen for mouse
* clicks and for clicks on the buttons. Create the board and
* start the first game.
*/
public Board() {
setBackground(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);
addMouseListener(this);
resignButton = new JButton("Resign");
resignButton.addActionListener(this);
newGameButton = new JButton("New Game");
newGameButton.addActionListener(this);
message = new JLabel("",JLabel.CENTER);
message.setFont(new Font("Serif", Font.BOLD, 14));
message.setForeground(Color.GREEN);
board = new int[13][13];
doNewGame();
}
/**
* Respond to user's click on one of the two buttons.
*/
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) {
Object src = evt.getSource();
if (src == newGameButton)
doNewGame();
else if (src == resignButton)
doResign();
}
/**
* Begin a new game; this is called by the actionPerformed()
* method when a user clicks the New Game button.
*/
void doNewGame() {
if (gameInProgress == true) {
// This should not be possible because New Game button
// is enabled only when it is legal to use it, but it doesn't
// hurt to check.
message.setText("Finish the current game first!");
return;
}
for (int row = 0; row < 13; row++) // Fill the board with EMPTYs
for (int col = 0; col < 13; col++)
board[row][col] = EMPTY;
currentPlayer = BLACK; // BLACK moves first.
message.setText("BLACK: Make your move.");
gameInProgress = true;
newGameButton.setEnabled(false);
resignButton.setEnabled(true);
win_r1 = -1; // This value indicates that no red line is to be drawn.
repaint();
}
/**
* Current player resigns; this is called by the actionPerformed()
* method when a user clicks the Resign button. Game ends, and
* opponent wins.
*/
void doResign() {
if (gameInProgress == false) {
// This should not be possible.
message.setText("There is no game in progress!");
return;
}
if (currentPlayer == WHITE)
message.setText("WHITE resigns. BLACK wins.");
else
message.setText("BLACK resigns. WHITE wins.");
newGameButton.setEnabled(true);
resignButton.setEnabled(false);
gameInProgress = false;
}
/**
* This method is called whenever the game ends. The parameter, str,
* is displayed as a message, and the buttons are enabled/disabled
* to reflect the fact that a game is not currently in progress.
*/
void gameOver(String str) {
message.setText(str);
newGameButton.setEnabled(true);
resignButton.setEnabled(false);
gameInProgress = false;
}
/**
* This is called by mousePressed() when a player clicks on the
* square in the specified row and col. It has already been checked
* that a game is, in fact, in progress.
*/
void doClickSquare(int row, int col) {
/* Check that the user clicked an empty square. If not, show an
error message and exit. */
if ( board[row][col] != EMPTY ) {
if (currentPlayer == BLACK)
message.setText("BLACK: Please click an empty square.");
else
message.setText("WHITE: Please click an empty square.");
return;
}
/* Make the move. Check if the board is full or if the move
is a winning move. If so, the game ends. If not, then it's
the other user's turn. */
board[row][col] = currentPlayer; // Make the move.
repaint();
if (winner(row,col)) { // First, check for a winner.
if (currentPlayer == WHITE)
gameOver("WHITE wins the game!");
else
gameOver("BLACK wins the game!");
return;
}
boolean emptySpace = false; // Check if the board is full.
for (int i = 0; i < 13; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < 13; j++)
if (board[i][j] == EMPTY)
emptySpace = true;
if (emptySpace == false) {
gameOver("The game ends in a draw.");
return;
}
/* Continue the game. It's the other player's turn. */
if (currentPlayer == BLACK) {
currentPlayer = WHITE;
message.setText("WHITE: Make your move.");
}
else {
currentPlayer = BLACK;
message.setText("BLACK: Make your move.");
}
} // end doClickSquare()
/**
* This is called just after a piece has been played on the
* square in the specified row and column. It determines
* whether that was a winning move by counting the number
* of squares in a line in each of the four possible
* directions from (row,col). If there are 5 squares (or more)
* in a row in any direction, then the game is won.
*/
private boolean winner(int row, int col) {
if (count( board[row][col], row, col, 1, 0 ) >= 5)
return true;
if (count( board[row][col], row, col, 0, 1 ) >= 5)
return true;
if (count( board[row][col], row, col, 1, -1 ) >= 5)
return true;
if (count( board[row][col], row, col, 1, 1 ) >= 5)
return true;
/* When we get to this point, we know that the game is not
won. The value of win_r1, which was changed in the count()
method, has to be reset to -1, to avoid drawing a red line
on the board. */
win_r1 = -1;
return false;
} // end winner()
/**
* Counts the number of the specified player's pieces starting at
* square (row,col) and extending along the direction specified by
* (dirX,dirY). It is assumed that the player has a piece at
* (row,col). This method looks at the squares (row + dirX, col + dirY),
* (row + 2*dirX, col + 2*dirY), ... until it hits a square that is
* off the board or is not occupied by one of the player's pieces.
* It counts the squares that are occupied by the player's pieces.
* Furthermore, it sets (win_r1,win_c1) to mark last position where
* it saw one of the player's pieces. Then, it looks in the
* opposite direction, at squares (row - dirX, col-dirY),
* (row - 2*dirX, col - 2*dirY), ... and does the same thing.
* Except, this time it sets (win_r2,win_c2) to mark the last piece.
* Note: The values of dirX and dirY must be 0, 1, or -1. At least
* one of them must be non-zero.
*/
private int count(int player, int row, int col, int dirX, int dirY) {
int ct = 1; // Number of pieces in a row belonging to the player.
int r, c; // A row and column to be examined
r = row + dirX; // Look at square in specified direction.
c = col + dirY;
while ( r >= 0 && r < 13 && c >= 0 && c < 13 && board[r][c] == player ) {
// Square is on the board and contains one of the players's pieces.
ct++;
r += dirX; // Go on to next square in this direction.
c += dirY;
}
win_r1 = r - dirX; // The next-to-last square looked at.
win_c1 = c - dirY; // (The LAST one looked at was off the board or
// did not contain one of the player's pieces.
r = row - dirX; // Look in the opposite direction.
c = col - dirY;
while ( r >= 0 && r < 13 && c >= 0 && c < 13 && board[r][c] == player ) {
// Square is on the board and contains one of the players's pieces.
ct++;
r -= dirX; // Go on to next square in this direction.
c -= dirY;
}
win_r2 = r + dirX;
win_c2 = c + dirY;
// At this point, (win_r1,win_c1) and (win_r2,win_c2) mark the endpoints
// of the line of pieces belonging to the player.
return ct;
} // end count()
/**
* Draws the board and the pieces on the board. If the game has
* been won by getting five or more pieces in a row, draws a red line
* through the pieces.
*/
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
super.paintComponent(g); // Fill with background color, lightGray
/* Draw a two-pixel black border around the edges of the canvas,
and draw grid lines in darkGray. */
g.setColor(Color.DARK_GRAY);
for (int i = 1; i < 13; i++) {
g.drawLine(1 + 13*i, 0, 1 + 13*i, getSize().height);
g.drawLine(0, 1 + 13*i, getSize().width, 1 + 13*i);
}
g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
g.drawRect(0,0,getSize().width-1,getSize().height-1);
g.drawRect(1,1,getSize().width-3,getSize().height-3);
/* Draw the pieces that are on the board. */
for (int row = 0; row < 13; row++)
for (int col = 0; col < 13; col++)
if (board[row][col] != EMPTY)
drawPiece(g, board[row][col], row, col);
/* If the game has been won, then win_r1 >= 0. Draw a line to mark
the five (or more) winning pieces. */
if (win_r1 >= 0)
drawWinLine(g);
} // end paintComponent()
/**
* Draw a piece in the square at (row,col). The color is specified
* by the piece parameter, which should be either BLACK or WHITE.
*/
private void drawPiece(Graphics g, int piece, int row, int col) {
if (piece == WHITE)
g.setColor(Color.WHITE);
else
g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
g.fillOval(3 + 13*col, 3 + 13*row, 10, 10);
}
/**
* Draw a 2-pixel wide red line from the middle of the square at
* (win_r1,win_c1) to the middle of the square at (win_r2,win_c2).
* This routine is called to mark the pieces that won the game.
* The values of the variables are set in the count() method.
*/
private void drawWinLine(Graphics g) {
g.setColor(Color.RED);
g.drawLine( 8 + 13*win_c1, 8 + 13*win_r1, 8 + 13*win_c2, 8 + 13*win_r2 );
if (win_r1 == win_r2)
g.drawLine( 8 + 13*win_c1, 7 + 13*win_r1, 8 + 13*win_c2, 7 + 13*win_r2 );
else
g.drawLine( 7 + 13*win_c1, 8 + 13*win_r1, 7 + 13*win_c2, 8 + 13*win_r2 );
}
/**
* Respond to a user click on the board. If no game is
* in progress, show an error message. Otherwise, find
* the row and column that the user clicked and call
* doClickSquare() to handle it.
*/
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent evt) {
if (gameInProgress == false)
message.setText("Click \"New Game\" to start a new game.");
else {
int col = (evt.getX() - 2) / 13;
int row = (evt.getY() - 2) / 13;
if (col >= 0 && col < 13 && row >= 0 && row < 13)
doClickSquare(row,col);
}
}
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent evt) { }
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent evt) { }
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent evt) { }
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent evt) { }
} // end nested class Board
} // end class GoMoku